How far the encomendero's military service reached: the province, the neighbouring provinces, and the campaigns encomenderos were actually called out for

Claims

Every assertion below is bound to registered sources and carries its own confidence. Weight them; do not treat the page as uniformly authoritative.

1. Scope and place. This entry covers §§23-34 of libro III, capítulo XXV of Juan de Solórzano Pereira's Política Indiana in the 1736 Madrid impression: page 368 in full, with §32 beginning at the foot of its right column and running over to the head of page 369, where §§33-34 close in the left column. §§16-22 before the range and §§35 onward after it are treated in separate entries. The author is a minister of the Council of the Indies who had sat on the Audiencia of Lima, and §31 of this range is his own first-person testimony about the court's province.

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

2. The rule as the missionary theologian had stated it, and the fiscal motive stated by the crown itself. At §23, in the individual case of the encomiendas, "el P. Acosta por estas palabras: De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas", with many cédulas in the second printed volume from page 218 onward imposing the obligation. "Y aun ay una del año de 1576. que despues de haver expressado esta carga, ordena al Virrey, que procure: Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa." The crown's reason, in its own words, is that the defence of the Indies was not to be paid for out of the royal treasury. Neither the cédula of 1576 nor Acosta's treatise was opened here; the footnote places the passage at "de Proc. Ind. Salut. lib. 3. c. 11."

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

3. The contrast with the ordinary subject, and a ley de Partida that will not excuse even women. At §24 the charge "no corre con este aprieto en los demás Subditos, y Vassallos ordinarios, porque no pueden ser forzados à ir à la Guerra; sino es defensiva, ò en que el Rey saliere personalmente, y en otros casos semejantes", with common-law texts and the Partidas, which in civil wars will not even let women excuse themselves, "dando por razon: Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo." At §25, when they do serve, "han de servir, y militar à expensas del Rey, y no à las suyas, aunque la Guerra sea en util, y defensa del mismo Rey, y del Reyno, excepto si el gasto fuere poco, y la duracion del servicio de poco tiempo, como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad." At §26 a further exception: where the king's revenues and estates are so pressed that they will not meet the cost, any vassal must then serve at his own expense.

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

4. The question is put squarely, and the case against the author's own answer is set out first. At §27 "En lo que aora se puede poner duda, es, si la particular obligacion, que decimos tener Feudatarios, y Encomenderos de servir, y militar à su costa, se debe entender en las Guerras, que se ofrecieren dentro de las Provincias, en que residen, y tienen sus Feudos, ò Encomiendas, ò la tendrán tambien de ir en la misma forma à otras, que se ofrezcan en las estrañas?" At §28 he reports that on the negative side he finds many texts and authors saying so expressly, on the common doctrine that a man bound to serve a prince by reason of a given territory or province, or for a determined protection and defence, "no está obligado à irle à servir à otras partes, ni en otras cosas, ò Guerras contraidas respeto de otros Reynos, si el Señor no estuviere aparejado à pagarle los gastos." At §29 he adds that Acosta appears to have felt the same, "pues en sus palabras, que llevo citadas, dice, como condicionalmente; Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia."

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

5. The resolution extends the charge, and a cédula on Drake is the authority for it. At §30, "Pero sin embargo de esto, tengo todavia por mas cierto, que supuesto, que en el titulo de las Encomiendas no se pone esta limitacion, y que todas las Provincias de las Indias, de que tratamos, están sujetas à un mismo Rey, y Señor, y debaxo de su universal dominio, y amparo, estarán tambien sus Vassallos Encomenderos obligados à ir à su costa, y expensas à la defensa de otras cercanas, ò no muy distantes, y remotas de aquellas, en que residen, y tienen sus Encomiendas, siempre que para ello fueren llamados por el Rey, ò sus Lugar-Tenientes: y assimismo à embarcarse en las Armadas Reales". The authority is "una Cedula de 30. de Septiembre del año de 1580. dirigida à Don Martin Enriquez, Virrey del Perú, que con ocasion de la entrada, que por el estrecho de Magallanes hizo en el mar del Sur aquel insigne Pirata Inglés Francisco Draque, infestando todas sus Costas, se manda: Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras." The argument is that silence in the grant is to be read against the grantee.

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

6. The office and date the page gives the cédula are reported as printed and were not independently checked. The page styles Don Martín Enríquez "Virrey del Perú" in a cédula of 30 September 1580 occasioned by Drake's Pacific raid. No other printing of the cédula, and no independent account of Enríquez's appointments, was opened here, so this entry reports the ascription as the book makes it and does not confirm that he held that office on that date. Confidence 0.8 accordingly: what is certain is that the 1736 impression prints those words.

   confidence 0.8Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

7. The practice, in the author's own words, with places and distances. At §31, "Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas. Y lo mismo passó en la Nueva-España, que quando lo del Draque, aun à los Encomenderos de Guatemala obligaron à embarcarse, y seguirle à su costa hasta el Puerto de Acapulco: como lo refiere Fr. Antonio Remesal en los Anales de aquella Provincia." This is a judge of the Audiencia of Lima reporting mobilisations he saw, and it is the strongest evidence in the chapter that the military charge of the encomienda was enforced and not merely written. Remesal's history was not opened here; the footnote cites it as "in histor. Prov. Guatem."

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

8. The same paragraph names the wars, and two of the three are wars against Indians. §31 closes: "Y el Padre Acosta testifica, que él vió en su tiempo llamar, y compeler à los Encomenderos del Perú para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes." The chapter has by this point argued for twenty paragraphs that the encomendero owes personal, self-financed service because he has received the useful dominion of Indian tribute; the occasions on which the treatise says the service was actually exacted in Peru are, on its own page, campaigns against the Inca resistance and against the Chiriguanos. The encomienda's military charge was therefore not only a coastal defence against European raiders: it was also, on this testimony, a levy of the holders of Indian tribute for war on Indians, financed out of that tribute. The page states the fact and does not draw the consequence; the consequence is drawn here from the sentence itself, which is why this claim sits at 0.85 rather than 0.9. "Sayre" and "Topa Inga" are given as the page prints them and are not identified further here; Acosta's testimony was not read in his own book.

   confidence 0.85Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

9. The feudal foundation, and the elastic test of what counts as a neighbouring province. At §32 the ground is Baldus and others on feuds, "que pues los textos, que tratan de este servicio militar no difinen, ò distinguen, si ha de ser dentro, ò fuera de la Provincia, son vistos, querer que sea en todas partes, donde quiera que el Señor señalare, y llamare à los Feudatarios", whether the war be to conserve, to recover or to acquire something new. At §33 this is surer still if the king goes in person, "porque entonces todos concluyen, que donde quiera que el Rey está con su Exército, para hacer Guerra, y acometer à sus enemigos, allí está su territorio", the sea and its coasts being reputed of the territory of the lord who holds the adjacent lands. At §34 Magerus is approved for holding that the vassal cannot excuse himself by saying the provinces he is summoned to are not neighbours to his own, "porque esto, de qual lugar se dirá Vecino de otro, tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez, como lo resuelve Menochio; y en particular aquel se tendrá por tal para el efecto, que tratamos, al qual con brevedad por Tierra, ò por Mar puede acudir el Encomendero". The operative test is reachability, and the judge decides it.

   confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary

10. What this entry establishes and what it does not. It establishes that the standard treatise on the law of the Indies put and answered the question whether the encomendero's self-financed military service stopped at his province's border; that the best authority for the narrow rule was José de Acosta's own conditional wording, which the treatise reports fairly before rejecting; that the answer given was that the charge extends to neighbouring provinces and to service aboard royal fleets, on the grounds that the grant states no limit and all the Indies lie under one king; that the crown's stated motive, in a cédula of 1576, was that the defence was not to be made wholly at its own cost; and that the treatise records specific mobilisations — encomenderos of Cuzco, Guamanga and Arequipa brought down to Lima for the defence of Callao, encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark after Drake as far as Acapulco, and encomenderos of Peru called and compelled for the wars of Sayre, Topa Inga and the Chiriguanaes. It establishes nothing about the numbers called, the dates of the Peruvian musters, what they cost the men, whether any refused, or what became of those who did: no name, figure, date or penalty appears in these twelve paragraphs apart from the 1576 and 1580 cédulas. Neither cédula was opened in its own register; Acosta's and Remesal's works are known here only as this page cites them; and the author is a crown judge describing from memory the practice of the court he served on.

    confidence 0.9Política Indiana, libro III, capítulo XXV, §§23-34 — how far the encomendero's military service reached, and the American occasions on which encomenderos were actually called out: at §23 Acosta's formulation 'De manera, que si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia, están obligados à ir, y servir en ellas à propias expensas', and a cédula of 1576 ordering the viceroy to see 'Que assi los Vecinos (quiere decir Encomenderos) como los Domiciliarios sepan que han de acudir à estas obligaciones, porque no se ha de hacer todo à nuestra costa'; at §24 that ordinary subjects cannot be forced to war except a defensive one or one the king enters in person, with the ley de Partida on intestine wars that will not excuse even women, 'Cá pues el mal, ò el daño tañe à todos, non tuvieron por bien, nin por Derecho, que ninguno se podiesse escusar, que todos non viniessen à desraigarlo'; at §25 that they then serve at the king's expense and not their own, except where the cost is small and the service short, 'como quando salen à algun rebato, ò repentino insulto de enemigos, que acometen algun Puerto, Castillo, ò Ciudad'; at §26 the exception where the royal revenues are too exhausted to meet the cost; at §§27-29 the question whether the charge crosses the provincial boundary, the authorities for the negative, and Acosta's conditional 'Si algunas Guerras se levantaren en su Provincia'; at §30 the author's resolution that it does, with a cédula of 30 September 1580 to Don Martín Enríquez, given on the page as viceroy of Peru, occasioned by Francis Drake's entry through the Strait of Magellan into the South Sea, ordering 'Que disponga, como demás de la obligacion de los Encomenderos, unas Provincias en caso necessario acudan à socorrer à otras'; at §31 the practice, in the first person, 'Lo qual vi practicar en esta misma conformidad otras veces, haciendo baxar à la Ciudad de Lima para la defensa de su Puerto del Callao à todos los Vecinos Encomenderos de Cuzco, Guamanga, Arequipa, y de otras Ciudades, y Provincias remotas', with the encomenderos of Guatemala compelled to embark and follow Drake at their own cost to Acapulco on Remesal's authority, and Acosta's testimony that he saw the encomenderos of Peru called and compelled 'para las Guerras de Sayre, Topa Inga, y de los Chiriguanaes'; and at §§32-34 the feudal foundation, that texts on the military service of feuds do not distinguish inside from outside the province, and Magerus's answer that whether a province counts as neighbouring 'tiene mucha latitud, y viene à quedar en arbitrio de Juez' · primary