Vaccination in Spanish America before the Balmis expedition (1803-1805)

The navy surgeons who had Jenner's vaccine working in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Yucatan, Guatemala, New Granada, Peru, Charcas, the River Plate and Chile before the Real Expedicion Filantropica de la Vacuna reached them, named and dated from a 2023 archival study. It records what those men did, what the expedition's director said about them, and the fact that some of the fluid travelled in the bodies of enslaved children.