The Iberian crowns, 1580-1640: juridical claim vs effective control

A country-by-country estimate of what the Spanish and Portuguese crowns actually administered during the Iberian Union - juridical area versus effective area, and population under each crown, published as intervals with per-row confidence - with the British Empire of 1921 processed under the identical criterion as a control. Spain's effective core around 1600 comes out near 4.6 million km2 and 29 million people; the cartographic 13.7 million km2 belongs to a different question.