Distribution and extraction under the Spanish empire: the EXT dimension

The distribution-and-extraction dimension of the empire benchmark: what the crown actually took from the Americas and how the fiscal machine worked. Hamilton's series fix the bullion at Seville; Grafe and Irigoin's revision documents the machine - a network of quasi-autonomous treasuries, administration at 3-12 percent of revenues - against the "predatory state" caricature; the coerced labor beneath the silver stays on the ledger.