Violence and demographic catastrophe in the Americas: the VIO dimension

The violence-and-demographic-harm dimension of the empire benchmark applied to the post-contact Americas: the catastrophic collapse driven principally by epidemic disease, compounded by war, dislocation and forced labor; the unresolved scholarly estimates published as a range; and the double correction the record requires - against minimizing the violence, and against citing Las Casas's rejected figures as statistics. Causal attribution graded, never assumed.