Slavery and coercion under the Atlantic empires: the COE dimension

The slavery-and-coercion dimension of the empire benchmark, loaded with the SlaveVoyages estimates - 12.5 million Africans embarked, 10.7 million landed, 1501-1866 - by carrier flag, destination and period: Spain's smaller flag total, the larger Spanish-American demand it hides, the Cuban surge after 1800; plus encomienda and mita, and the legal asymmetry by which the empire that banned enslaving Indians in 1542 kept African slavery lawful. Non-compensable by design.